AREA UNDER STUDY: See Map Figure 1

State and Coordinates	Madhya Pradesh (India); Latitude 22.6262° N, Longitude 80.5438° E
Tehsils	Niwas, Narayanganj, Mandla, Ghugari, Bichiya, Nainpur
Area	8771 sq.km.
Villages	1,221
Total Population	1,054,905
Tribal Population	610,528
Tribal Population (%)	57.88%
Forest Area	2830 sq.km.
Total forest area (%)	48.79%
Study Area:16 Villages of Mandla Tehsil	Baja, Bakora, Chargaon, Dhenko, Gwara, Hirdenagar, Kanhari, Khari, Khursipar, Kudopani, Ludhiya, Mungli, Purwa, Simariya, Tikariya, Umariya
Distance from Bhandara: Road& Train	225 km. and 240 km.

LIFE STYLE OF BAIGA:

The anthropological study of Baiga tribe is reported (10,11) This is the most primitive forest tribe of the district.They speak their own language which is a mixture of Chhattisgarhi and Gondi language. They still practice shifting cultivation (bewar), traditional medicine system and their formidable hunting prowess.

Their appearance is what differentiates them from the other people, tattoos among the women, piece of cloth covering the head that serves as a turban and similar dressing pattern all help in making them easily recognizable to the outsider. Long face, elegant features, small hands and rarely a trace of body hair, the Baigas are an object of envy for the other tribal in the area. Above all, it is their hair that sets them apart. They have magnificent, wavy hair and they allows their hair to grow very long and ties it in a bum or a jura. Though they have normally very dark skin albeit a few have been known to possess light and golden brown appearances. Women prefer to wear just a lugra (women’s garment). Women use tattoos for ornamental significance and many an elaborate design can be found on their body that they feel make them look beautiful. The tribe has now been almost completely assimilated into the Hindu religion. They live in simple houses not much decorated and surrounded by the meagre collection of livestock and poultry that they own. Their hut may have a simple bed made usually of bamboo, some utensils, battle axes (pharsa); axe (tangia) and the sickle (hasia). They are avid smokers. Often while speaking with them, one of them would start rolling a tendu (Diospyrosmelanoxylon) leaves and fill tobacco from his pouch and begin smoking. They are legendary drinkers of an alcoholic beverage manufactured from the corolla of the mahua (Bassialatifolia) tree. They have strong religious and cultural affinities with mahua and use it to drown their sorrow or enjoy a feast. They takes coarse food and shows no extravagance in this aspect. They eat coarse grain, kodo (Paspalumscrobiculatum), and kutki (Panicummiliare), eat little flour (Triticumaestivum) and pulses. One of the prime foods is Pej that can be made from the water left from boiling rice. Also, beyond doubt they eat several wild vegetables, fruits, tubers corms and rhizomes. They kept bows and arrows in houses still occupying a place of pride amongst the meagre household’s assets. The medicine man is known as Gunia/Vaidha who is one of the most respected people in the village. He is well known in the knowledge of wild herbs and many medicinal plants.

METHODOLOGY:

The present study was carried out among 16 villages of Mandla tehsil indicated in Map.During year 2014 & 2015 field visits were conducted in the villages. The traditional healers or medicine men locally known as Gunia/Vaidha were interviewed. Good rapport was established with them in order to reveal their secret knowledge about plants. They were cross questioned to know about real medicinal uses. The herbarium specimen was prepared and voucher specimens are deposited in the herbarium of P G Department of Botany, J M Patel College, Bhandara.. The plant was identified using the floras. Questions about the use of medicinal plants were asked using classical means of ethnobotanical analysis (12,13)The photographs of plant and method of drug preparation were taken from Nikon Camera (see Photo II, III, IV) The reported medicinal use of plant is accepted because majority of healers from different villages have narrated the same information.

The main objective of the paper is to assess validity of medicinal uses of leaves of LN on the basis of ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological profiles hence a comprehensive literature survey was conducted through e-library facilities.

The uses of stem, flowers and seeds of LN have not been taken into consideration because author want to focus only on the uses of leaves and thus want to limit the literature so as to avoid distraction. Most of the existing texts on ethnopharmacology and ethnobotany deals only with medicinal uses of plant ignoring their chemical and pharmacological aspect. A large number of chemical and pharmacological studies need to be reviewed which will help in assessment of validity of herbal drug. Thus medicinal claims ascribed to a plant are need to be validated by such approach will certainly provide a rationale to medicinal uses of plant. Keeping this approach in mind the author have supplemented a text of chemical and biological profile of plant. It is necessary to examine similarities of phytochemicals between reported plant and other taxa. This is very important aspect which should be taken into consideration while examining validity of medicinal plant because similar chemical analogue may show same or different biological activities. Similarity of bioactive phytochemicals and there structure-activity relationship gives us an important clue about medicinal properties of plant.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:

A tall erect annual, 4-6 ft. high. Stem stout, puberulous, bluntly 4-angled, deepleysulcate, the faces concave. Leaves membranous, 2.5–6 in. long ovate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, puberlous on both side, base cuneate; petioles 1-4 in. long, winged above. Whorls axillary, dense, globose, many flowered, 1.5–2.5 in. in diameter; floral leaves lanceolate, deflexed; bract up to ¾ in. long, deflexed, linear, hairy, spine –pointed. Calyx ¾ in. long, ribbed, puberulous below, upper part densely villous and clothed with long white bristly hairs, tube incurved, mouth oblique, throat glabrous; teeth unequal, spine-tipped, the upper one up to 1/2 in., long, ovate, acute, the rest smaller and triangular. Corolla orange, scarlet; tube ½ in. long, glabrous below, upper part hairy, inside with 3 parallel rings of white hairs; upper lip ½ in. long, densely woolly, lower ½ in. long. Nutlets 1/6 in. long, obliquely truncate.

Flowering and Fruiting: November–February; commonly growing along hedges and roadside.

Figure. 2a

Figure. 2c

Figure. 2b

RESULT:

TABLE 1. Family: Lamiaceae, Botanical Name: Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br., Tribal Name: Bhootganja, Herbarium Acession Number: VJT-743

Ethnomedicinal Uses

Phytochemical Profile

Pharmacological Profile

Symptoms Narrated by Gunia about Jaundice: Large liver, yellow eyes and skin, fatigue, vomiting, weight loss, abdominal pain

Dose:100 gm. of fresh leaves or 50 gm. of dried powder of leaves is mixed with water to prepare a decoction. It is squeezed out with the help of clean cotton cloth. One cup (100 ml.) decoction is taken early in the morning on empty stomach for five consecutive days to cure jaundice and liver disorders. If the patient did not get relief then the same dose is repeated after 15 days.

Precaution- During medication patient is asked to disued from sweet food.

Jaundice (14)

Hepatitis (15, 16)

Liver & Spleen diseases (17)

Hepatic diseases (18)

In combination with other plants viz., Mangiferaindica, Guizotiascabra, Dracenasteudneri, Chenopodiumugandae, Crassocephalumvitellinum, Erythrinaabyssinica cures liver diseases (19)

Ten new bisspirolabdancediterpenoids named Leonepetifolins (A-E) and 15-epi-leonepetifolins (A-E) together with eight known labdanediterpenoids including methoxynepataefolin, nepetaefolin, nepetaefuran, Dublin, lronotinin, leonotin and two known flavonoids apigenin and crsiliol isolated (20)

Iridoids such as Geniposidic acid and its 10-O-trans-3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl and 10-O-p-hydroxybenzoic derivatives were identified Coumarin, Acetoside, martinoside, lavandulopolioside, nepetaefolinol and leonotinin. (21)

Diterpenes (leosibiricine, leosiberine, isoleosiberine and Coumarin- 4,6,7-trimethoxy-5-methyl-2-chromene (22, 23)

Spiro DihydrofuranDiterepeneNepetaefolin (24)

Nepetaefolinol(9,13-epoxy-6β-hydroxy-8α-labdane-16,15:19,20-diolactone) and two related diterpenoids (25)

Seed oil contain Laballenic acid- a new allenic acid (26)

Nepetaefuran and Leonotinin (27)

Alkaloid Leonurineand Stachydrene present (28)

Leaves contain Labdane, diterpenoid, dilactone, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol, galangin, o-coumaric acid and flavone present.

Iridoid glycosides (leonurin and leonuridine), diterpenoids (leocardin), flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, hyperoside, apigenin), volatile oil, tannins, vitamin- A

Antioxidant and Antiproliferative (29)

Wound healing (30)

Antiasthmatic (31)

Antibacterial (32)

Antirheumatic and anti-inflammatory (33)

Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic (34)

Hepatotoxicity (35)

Anticonvulsant (36)

Antitumor (37)

Antidiarrhoeal (38)

Hepatoprotective (39)

Activity against dermatophytes and bacteria – Trichophytonrubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Micorsporiumgypseum, Epidermophytonfloccosum and Acinetobacterbaumannii, Eschechia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, (40)

Assessment of taste of herbal extract is pungent and bitter (41)

Antidiabetic (42)

Smoking of dried herb gives an euphoric effect and exuberance due to presence of mild psychoactive alkaloids - Leonurine (4-guamdino-n-butyl syringate) and Stachydrine present (59)

TABLE 2: BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOCHEMICALS PRESENT IN LN:

Phytochemicals of LN	Biological Activities
Leonurine alkaloid	Isolated from Herbaleonuri showing hepatoprotectivie activity (43)
Stachydrin alkaloid	Isolated from bark of Capparis decidua showing hepatoprotective activity (44)
LabdaneDiterpenoid	Isolated from Andrographispaniculata (50) and flowers of Hedychiumcoronarium (51) showing heaptoprotective activities
Iridoid Glycosides	Isolated from Vernoniaciliata showing antioxidant and anti-hepatocarcinoma activities (65); also reported from Picrorrhizakurroashowing heaptoprotective activity (57)
Galangin	Antiviral (45) and anti-fibrosis of liver (46)
Hyperoside	Antiviral (47) and Hepatoprotective (47)
Martinoside	Hepatoprotective (52)
Genipogenic acid	Protect against Hepatic failure (49)
Caffeic Acid	Hepatoprotective (53, 54)
Acetoside	Chaemoprevention of experimental liver cancer (55)
p-coumaric acid	Hepatoprotective (56)

DISCUSSION:

The ethnomedicinal profile of LN indicate that Baiga tribe is using leaves of plant against jaundice and liver disorder. Similar uses have been reported from divergent parts of India and abroad (14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19) thus increases likelihood that the plant is active against the disease.

Similarities of phytochemicals among various species of different taxa showing various biological activities is a very important aspect which should be taken into consideration while examining validity of medicinal plants. It is observed that similar chemical analogue have similar biological activity. There are so many examples among plant kingdom where similar chemical compounds are reported from different taxa. Similarity of bioactive phytochemicals and there structure-activity relationship gives us an important clue about medicinal uses of plant. Therefore similarities of phytochemicals between LN and other taxa (see Table No. 2) is taken into consideration while examining validity of its use in liver disorders. It is observed that eleven different phytochemicalsare present in LN and are showing hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. These chemicals are viz., Leonurine, Stachydrin, LabdaneDiterpenoid, Iridoid Glycoside, Galangin, Hyperoside, Genipogenic acid, Martinoside, Caffeic acid, Acetoside, p-coumaric acid Thus there is every possibility that all these chemicals are showing synergistic effect to cure jaundice and liver disorder. These bioactive chemicals authenticate use of LN as a hepatoprotective drug. The medicinal use of plant as anti-jaundice drug is corroborated with its hepatoprotective (35, 39) and antioxidant (29) properties which justify its use. Lastly the literature survey reveals that use of leaves of LN reported by Baiga tribe appears to be valid because it contain active principle to cure jaundice and liver disorder. The reported use is not a naive belief but a rationale existbehind its medicinal use hence further study is necessary. However LN shows other pharmacological activities–wound healing (30), antiasthamatic (31), antibacterial (32), anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory (33), antiplasmodial and cytotoxic (34), anticonvulsant (36), antitumor (37), antidiarrhoeal (38), antidermatophyte (40), antidiabetic (42), psychoactive (59) gives a strong medicinal value to the plant.

CONCLUSION:

The present review provide scientific evidences in favors of LN used to cure jaundice and liver disorders. However chemical and pharmacological data on the plant is still inadequate hence this plant needs urgent attention for further research work. Looking into hepatoprotective potential of the plant there is immediate need to focus on preclinical and clinical studies. The exponential increase in the number of patients suffering with liver disorders due to usage of drug and alcohol will get relief if mechanism and mode of action as well as therapeutic effectiveness of this herbal drug will be confirmed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The author is thankful to Dr. Vikas Dhomne, Principal, J M Patel College, Bhandara for providing basic infrastructure to carry out this research work.

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Received on 13.07.2017 Modified on 23.09.2017

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2019; 11(1): 01-07.

DOI: 10.5958/0975-4385.2019.00001.3